open source OS: July 2012

Sunday, 29 July 2012

TYPES OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE LICENSES

Masschusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

It is a free software license, means that is permits reuse within proprietary software provided all copies of the licensed software include of the MIT license term
Originally developed at the Masschusetts Institute of Technology
It is permissive license that allows the programmers to put the code in proprietary software on the condition that the license is given with that software
It may refer to the"Expat License" or more accurately called the "X11 license" because it was first written for the X Window System
It already published on official site at open source Initiative

General Public License (GPL)

It created by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) as licenses applicable to software that can be use freely
Also called as General Public License (GNU) or Library General Public License (LGPL)
It was originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project
GPL is an application of the copyleft principles that derivative work must be distributed under the same terms as the original
Any modification of to GPL licensed software must also be released under the GPL license
Compared to GPL, LGPL applies a narrower interpretation of derivative works whereas is a modified version of the original source code

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)

Are family of permissive free software licenses
BSD was first written at the University of California, Berkeley for distributing a Unix-like operating system and because of this, it make the original owners of the BSD were the Regents of the University of California
Because it has a few restrictions, it is often used by universities and the like for the products of research
The license places minimal restrictions on how the software can be redistributed
The first version of the license was revised and the resulting licenses are more properly called modified BSD licenses

Mozilla Public Licenses (MPL)

MPL are developed and maintained by Mozilla Foundation
This software license also created by Netscape for its open-source web browser
It is characterized as a hybridization of the modified BSD license and GNU General Public License (GPL) that seeks to balance the concerns of proprietary and open source developers
MPL has been approved as both a free software license by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and an open-source software license by the Open Source Initiative
Its allows covered source code to be mixed with other files under a different, even proprietary license
If we modify source code that was published under this license, we are obliged to release it under the same license. However, if we develop an original module as an addition to it, that restriction does not apply
MPL is the license for the Mozilla Application suite, Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird and other Mozilla software but it has been used by such as Adobe to license their Flex product line

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OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE LICENSES

An open-source software license is a statement that anyone is free to use your source code in whatever way they want.

Open source rights:

* a user can create and distribute copies of the source code

* a user can obtain a program's source code

* a user can modify the source code

:) Academic

Generally, academic software is stapled together in a tight deadline an expert user has to coerce it into running and it's not pretty code.
Academic code is about "proof of concept".
Most open source licenses requires source and modifications to be shared with binaries and absolved author of legal liability.
It should require that source and modifications used to validate scientific claims be released with those claims.
Openness should also hinge on publication, once a paper is accepted, the licenses should force the release of modifications.

:) Community

Colleges and universities have used the term community source to refer to a type of community coordination mechanism that builds on the practices of open source communities.
The software these collective efforts are distributed via an approved Open Source Initiative (OSI) license.
Copyright of the software often is held by and independent foundation.
An important distinctive characteristic of community source as opposed to plain open source is that the community includes some organizations or institutions that are committing their resources to the community, in the form of human resources or other financial elements.
In this way, the open source project will have both more solid support, rather than purely volunteer efforts as found in other open source communities and will possibly be shaped by the strategic requirements of the institution committing the resource.

:) Companies

Open source software can be sold and use commercially.
The use of dual-licensing provides an offer of the software under an open source license but also under a separate proprietary license term.
With permissive software, any copany can distribute the package without the source or software freedoms.

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EXAMPLES OF OPEN STANDARD

=> System

World Wide Web (WWW) architecture
- specified by W3C

=> Hardware

Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
- specified by IBM for plug-in boards to IBM-architecture PCs, later standardized by the IEEE
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
- specified by Intel Corporation for plug-in boards to IBM-architecture PCs
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
- specified by Intel Corporation for plug-in boards to IBM-architecture PCs
PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group (PICMG)
- an industry consortium developing Open Standards specifications for computer architectures

=> File Formats

Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM)
- file format for 2D vector graphics, raster graphics and text defined by ISO/IEC 8632
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible HTML (XHTML) and HTML5 specifications of the W3C
- for structured hyperlinked document formatting
Office Open XML
- specified by Microsoft for document, spreadsheet and presentation formats, approved by ISO/IEC 29500
Ogg is a container for Vorbis, FLAC, Speex (audio formats) and Theora (video format)
- by the Xiph.Org Foundation
Open Document Format (ODF)
- specified by OASIS for office document formats, approved by ISO as ISO/IEC 26300
Portable Document Format (PDF/X)
- specified by Adobe System s Incorporated for formatted documents, later approved by ISO
Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
- bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression, approved by ISO as ISO/IEC

=> Protocols

Internet Protocol (IP)
- specification of the IETF for implementing streams of data on a network and specified by IETF RFC 793
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- specification of the IETF for implementing streams of data on top of IP and specified by IETF RFC 793
OMA Data Synchronization and Device Management is a platform-independent data synchronization protocol
- specified by The SyncML Initiative/Open Mobile Alliance
XMPP an open protocol for near-real-time Instant Message (IM) and presence information
- also known as buddy lists

=> Programming Languages

ANSI C is a general-purpose programming language
- approved by ISO as ISO/IEC 9899
Ada is a multi-paradigm programming language
- defined by joint ISO/ANSI standard ISO combined with major Amendment ISO/IEC
MUMPS is a dynamically typed programming language and originally designed for database-driven applications in the healthcare industry
- approved by ISO as ISO/IEC

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Saturday, 28 July 2012

THE PRINCIPLES OF OPEN STANDARD

As we know, principles are the foundation of any successful net effort and without such of it may become and obstacle. There are some of the principles of open standard.

AvailabilityAn open standard are available for all to read and implement. Specification and other documentation defining standards should be openly available for everyone. So, for those who wishing to use and open standard should be able to view the information and documentation necessary to create an implementation, as well as access to any technology and legal right necessary to use, deploy or distribute their implementation.
Open visibility
Standards created openly for all to see are more likely to be adopted and benefit the users.Where information on standards setting is currently open, attempts should be made to make this information easier to understand and access.
Maximized end-user choice
For implementation of the standard, open standard create a fair and competitive market. They do not lock customer in to a particular of group. They must to allow a wide range of implementations by any chance of it such as business, academic or public projects.
Open participation
Organizations should open participation so the diversity of the contributors reflects the true recipients of the benefits. Increasing the ability for all interested parties to be represented is essential to prosperous results.
Without royalty
Open standards are free for all to implement, with no royalty or fee will be charges. Certification of compliance by the standards organization may involve a fee.
No discrimination
Open standard and the organizations that administer them do not favor one implementer over another for any reason other than the technical standards compliance of the vendor's implementation. Certification organizations must provide a path for low and zero-cost implementations to be validated, but may also provide enhanced certification services.
Predatory practices
The licenses attached to the standard may required the publication of reference information for extensions and a license for all others to create, distribute and sell software that is compatible with the extensions.
Increased unity and sharing
Open standards is a means to increase unity and sharing to decrease duplication. With insatiable demand for improvement, competitive innovation will always have a place, and become more productive as it is able to leverage a global infrastructure built on unity and openness.

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DEFINE OPEN STANDARD

An Open Standard is a standard that is well documented with the complete specification publicly available to the technical community..
It has various rights to use associated with it and can be freely implemented without economical, political or legal limitations because there must be no restrictions on usage and implementation of standard.
Open Standard may also have various properties of how it was designed like open process whereas it requires the existence of clear and transparent rules for the procedures of standardization.

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Thursday, 26 July 2012

new

Hi, Testing!

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